![]() We use the term “targeted MWAS” to refer to metabolome-wide associations with a specific known chemical target. Metabolome-wide association studies (MWAS), illustrated as Manhattan plots of the negative log of the p-values for association of each metabolite with a parameter of interest, are useful for characterization of metabolites associated with disease or experimental manipulation (Osborn et al., 2013 Go et al., 2014). Application in a systematic way would also provide an approach to elucidate impact of cumulative lifetime exposures, termed the exposome (Wild, 2005, 2012 Miller and Jones, 2013). Such development would have considerable utility for study of complex mechanisms of human disease involving diet, environmental exposures, microbiome, and health behaviors (Jones et al., 2012). In principle, however, the spectrum of chromatographic methods and detection techniques could allow routine quantification of even more chemicals if systematically applied and appropriately curated. Presently, data are filtered to much smaller numbers for statistical analyses. The number of ions detected depends upon the stringency of the data extraction parameters many of the ions have relatively poor coefficient of variability and/or are present in only a small number of samples. ![]() ![]() Current capabilities at Emory University allow detection of >40,000 ions within individual samples and >100,000 ions within population studies. Advances have occurred at all levels in instrumentation, standard operating procedures, and data extraction and analysis (Chen et al., 2012 Ivanisevic et al., 2013 Uppal et al., 2013). Metabolomics using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC/MS) provides a practical approach to detail physiological chemistry for personalized medicine (Johnson et al., 2010 Soltow et al., 2013 Uppal et al., 2013). ![]()
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